Main Content

Loaded-Contact Translational Friction

Loaded-contact friction between two sliding surfaces

  • Loaded-Contact Translational Friction block

Libraries:
Simscape / Driveline / Brakes & Detents / Translational

Description

The Loaded-Contact Translational Friction block simulates friction between two sliding surfaces loaded with a normal force.

The block is implemented as a structural component based on the Fundamental Friction Clutch block. From the locked state, the two surfaces unlock if the exerted force exceeds the static friction, as defined by the static coefficient of friction and current normal force. For details on how the locking and unlocking are modeled, see the Fundamental Friction Clutch block reference page.

Force is transmitted for normal forces larger than the Threshold force parameter.

Equations

The block simulates friction between two sliding surfaces loaded with a normal force. When the two sliding surfaces are not locked, the friction force is determined with these equations:

F = N· μ · sign(vrel)+Fvisc ,

Fvisc = μvisc· vrel ,

where:

  • F is the transmitted force.

  • N is the normal force.

  • μ is the friction coefficient.

  • vrel is the relative velocity.

  • Fvisc is the viscous drag force.

  • μvisc is the viscous drag force coefficient.

Velocity-Dependent Model

You can model the effects of rotational velocity change by selecting a velocity-dependent model. To choose a velocity-dependent model, in the Friction settings, set the Friction model parameter to Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient. For information about a friction model that depends on both velocity and temperature, see Thermal, Velocity-Dependent Model.

For the velocity-dependent model these related parameters become visible in the Friction settings:

  • Relative velocity vector

  • Kinetic friction coefficient vector

  • Friction coefficient interpolation method

  • Friction coefficient extrapolation method

Thermal Model

You can model the effects of heat flow and temperature change by selecting a temperature-dependent model. To choose a temperature-dependent model, in the Friction settings, set the Friction model parameter to Temperature-dependent friction coefficients. For information about a friction model that depends on both velocity and temperature, see Thermal, Velocity-Dependent Model.

For the temperature-dependent model, thermal port H and these settings are visible:

  • In the Friction settings:

    • Temperature vector

    • Static friction coefficient vector

    • Kinetic friction coefficient vector

    • Friction coefficient interpolation method

    • Friction coefficient extrapolation method

  • In the Thermal Port settings:

    • Thermal mass

    • Initial Temperature

Thermal, Velocity-Dependent Model

You can model the effects of rotational velocity change and heat flow by selecting a velocity-dependent and temperature-dependent model. To choose a model that depends on both velocity and temperature, in the Friction settings, set the Friction model parameter to Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

For the velocity-dependent and temperature-dependent model, thermal port H and these related settings and parameters become visible:

  • In the Friction settings:

    • Relative velocity vector

    • Temperature vector

    • Static friction coefficient vector

    • Kinetic friction coefficient matrix

    • Friction coefficient interpolation method

    • Friction coefficient extrapolation method

  • In the Thermal Port settings:

    • Thermal mass

    • Initial Temperature

Faults

To model a fault in the Loaded-Contact Translational Friction block, in the Faults section, click the Add fault hyperlink next to the fault that you want to model. When the Add Fault window opens, you can to specify the fault properties. For more information about fault modeling, see Fault Behavior Modeling and Fault Triggering.

When you trigger a fault, the clutch responds according to the Behavior when faulted setting for the remainder of the simulation. The fault options are:

  • Cannot transmit power

  • Cannot unlock

Limitations and Assumptions

  • The model does not account for body mass. Add mass terms externally to the B and F ports as required.

  • The model computes the transmitted force assuming a uniform distribution of the normal force.

Ports

Input

expand all

Physical signal port associated with the normal force. This signal is positive or zero. A signal of less than zero is interpreted as zero.

Conserving

expand all

Rotational conserving port associated with the driving (base) surface.

Rotational conserving port associated with the driven (follower) surface.

Thermal conserving port associated with heat flow.

Dependencies

This port is visible only when, in the Friction settings, the Friction model parameter is set to Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction model and Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Parameters

expand all

Friction

The table shows how the visibility of some ports, parameters, and settings depends on the option that you choose for other parameters.

Friction Parameter Dependencies

Friction
Friction model
Fixed kinetic friction coefficientVelocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficientTemperature-dependent friction coefficientsTemperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients

Exposes:

  • Conserving port H

  • Thermal parameters in the Friction settings

  • Thermal Port settings

Exposes:

  • Conserving port H

  • Thermal parameters in the Friction settings

  • Thermal Port settings

--Temperature vectorTemperature vector
-Relative velocity vector-Relative velocity vector
Static friction coefficientStatic friction coefficientStatic friction coefficient vectorStatic friction coefficient vector
Kinetic friction coefficientKinetic friction coefficient vectorKinetic friction coefficient vectorKinetic friction coefficient matrix
-Friction coefficient interpolation methodFriction coefficient interpolation methodFriction coefficient interpolation method
-Friction coefficient extrapolation methodFriction coefficient extrapolation methodFriction coefficient extrapolation method
Velocity toleranceVelocity toleranceVelocity toleranceVelocity tolerance
Threshold forceThreshold forceThreshold forceThreshold force
Viscous drag torque coefficientViscous drag torque coefficientViscous drag torque coefficientViscous drag torque coefficient

Parameterization method to model the kinetic friction coefficient. The options and default values for this parameter depend on the friction model that you select for the block. The options are:

  • Fixed kinetic friction coefficient — Provide a fixed value for the kinetic friction coefficient.

  • Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient — Define the kinetic friction coefficient by one-dimensional table lookup based on the relative angular velocity between discs.

  • Temperature-dependent friction coefficients — Define the kinetic friction coefficient by table lookup based on the temperature.

  • Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients — Define the kinetic friction coefficient by table lookup based on the temperature and the relative angular velocity between discs.

Dependencies

The friction model setting affects the visibility of other parameters, settings, and ports. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Input values for the relative velocity as a vector. The values in the vector must increase from left to right. The minimum number of values depends on the interpolation method that you select. For linear interpolation, provide at least two values per dimension. For smooth interpolation, provide at least three values per dimension.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Input values for the temperature as a vector. The minimum number of values depends on the interpolation method that you select. For linear interpolation, provide at least two values per dimension. For smooth interpolation, provide at least three values per dimension. The values in the vector must increase from left to right.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Static or peak value of the friction coefficient. The static friction coefficient must be greater than the kinetic friction coefficient.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only when the Friction model parameter is set to Fixed kinetic friction coefficient or Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Static, or peak, values of the friction coefficient as a vector. The vector must have the same number of elements as the temperature vector. Each value must be greater than the value of the corresponding element in the kinetic friction coefficient vector.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

The kinetic, or Coulomb, friction coefficient. The coefficient must be greater than zero.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Fixed kinetic friction coefficient. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Output values for kinetic friction coefficient as a vector. All values must be greater than zero.

If the Friction model parameter is set to

  • Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient — The vector must have same number of elements as relative velocity vector.

  • Temperature-dependent friction coefficients — The vector must have the same number of elements as the temperature vector.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient or Temperature-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Output values for kinetic friction coefficient as a matrix. All the values must be greater than zero. The size of the matrix must equal the size of the matrix that is the result of the temperature vector × the kinetic friction coefficient relative velocity vector.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Interpolation method for approximating the output value when the input value is between two consecutive grid points:

  • Linear — Select this option to get the best performance.

  • Smooth — Select this option to produce a continuous curve with continuous first-order derivatives.

For more information on interpolation algorithms, see the PS Lookup Table (1D) block reference page.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient, Temperature-dependent friction coefficients, or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Extrapolation method for determining the output value when the input value is outside the range specified in the argument list:

  • Linear — Select this option to produce a curve with continuous first-order derivatives in the extrapolation region and at the boundary with the interpolation region.

  • Nearest — Select this option to produce an extrapolation that does not go above the highest point in the data or below the lowest point in the data.

  • Error — Select this option to avoid going into the extrapolation mode when you want your data to be within the table range. If the input signal is outside the range of the table, the simulation stops and generates an error.

For more information on extrapolation algorithms, see the PS Lookup Table (1D) block reference page.

Dependencies

This parameter is only visible when you set the Friction model parameter to Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient, Temperature-dependent friction coefficients, or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Relative velocity below which the two surfaces can lock. The surfaces lock if the torque across the B and F rotational ports is less than the product of the effective radius, the static friction coefficient, and the applied normal force.

The normal force applied to the physical signal port N is applied to the contact only if the amount of force exceeds the value of the Threshold force parameter. Forces below the Threshold force are not applied, so there is no transmitted frictional torque.

Viscous Losses

Viscous drag coefficient, μvisc, for computing the drag torque. The coefficient depends on the type of operating fluid, fluid temperature, and the maximum distance between the surfaces.

Initial Conditions

State of the internal Fundamental Friction Clutch block state at the start of simulation.

  • Locked — Rotational ports B and F are initially locked together.

  • Unlocked — Rotational ports B and F are initially sliding relative to each other.

Faults

To modify the faults, create a fault and, in the block dialog, click Open fault properties. In the Property Inspector, click the Fault behavior link to open the faults.

Whether to model a fault in the block. To add a fault, click the Add fault hyperlink.

Behavior when a fault is triggered. You can select the faulting between the surfaces as either:

  • Cannot transmit power

  • Cannot unlock

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, first enable faults for the block by clicking the Add fault hyperlink.

Thermal Port

Thermal Port settings are visible only when, in the Friction settings, the Friction model parameter is set to Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. For more information, see Friction Parameter Dependencies.

Thermal energy required to change the component temperature by a single degree. The greater the thermal mass, the more resistant the component is to temperature change.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Friction model to Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Thermal energy required to change the component temperature by a single degree. The greater the thermal mass, the more resistant the component is to temperature change.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Friction model to Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2011a

expand all